Primary antibodies
Antibody is a kind of immunoglobulin that can specifically bind to antigen, which can mark target protein and further study the expression and localization of protein in immune reaction. The antibodies that can be directly combined with the target protein in scientific research are called primary antibodies
Most of Affinity's rabbit polyclonal antibodies have undergone independent antibody validation (one of the five antibody validation strategies recommended by the International Antibody Validation Working Group). The production process of peptide antigen + affinity purification makes the antibody have strong affinity and higher specificity. It conforms to the internationally recognized definition of monospecific antibody.
Cell growth and death
- Apoptosis (View pathway)
- Apoptosis - multiple species (View pathway)
- Cell cycle (View pathway)
- Cellular senescence (View pathway)
- Ferroptosis (View pathway)
- Necroptosis (View pathway)
- Oocyte meiosis (View pathway)
- p53 signaling pathway (View pathway)
Cell motility
Cellular community - eukaryotes
- Adherens junction (View pathway)
- Focal adhesion (View pathway)
- Gap junction (View pathway)
- Signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells (View pathway)
- Tight junction (View pathway)
Cellular community - prokaryotes
- Biofilm formation - Escherichia coli
- Biofilm formation - Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Biofilm formation - Vibrio cholerae
- Quorum sensing
Transport and catabolism
Chronology: Antiinfectives
- Aminoglycosides
- Anti-HIV agents
- Antifungal agents
- Antiviral agents
- Cephalosporins - oral agents
- Cephalosporins - parenteral agents
- Macrolides and ketolides
- Penicillins
- Quinolones
- Rifamycins
- Tetracyclines
Chronology: Antineoplastics
- Antineoplastics - agents from natural products
- Antineoplastics - alkylating agents
- Antineoplastics - antimetabolic agents
- Antineoplastics - hormones
- Antineoplastics - protein kinases inhibitors
Chronology: Nervous system agents
- Agents for Alzheimer-type dementia
- Anticonvulsants
- Antidepressants
- Antiparkinsonian agents
- Antipsychotics
- Antipsychotics - butyrophenones
- Antipsychotics - phenothiazines
- Anxiolytics
- Hypnotics
- Local analgesics
- Opioid analgesics
Chronology: Other drugs
- Antiarrhythmic drugs
- Antidiabetics
- Antidyslipidemic agents
- Antiglaucoma agents
- Antimigraines
- Antirheumatics - DMARDs and biological agents
- Antithrombosis agents
- Antiulcer drugs
- Immunosuppressive agents
- Osteoporosis drugs
- Sulfonamide derivatives - diuretics
- Sulfonamide derivatives - hypoglycemic agents
- Sulfonamide derivatives - overview
- Sulfonamide derivatives - sulfa drugs
Skeleton-based classification
Structure-based classification
Target-based classification: Enzymes
- Catecholamine transferase inhibitors
- Cyclooxygenase inhibitors
- HIV protease inhibitors
- HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
- Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors
Target-based classification: G protein-coupled receptors
- alpha-Adrenergic receptor agonists/antagonists
- Angiotensin receptor and endothelin receptor antagonists
- beta-Adrenergic receptor agonists/antagonists
- Cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs
- Dopamine receptor agonists/antagonists
- Eicosanoid receptor agonists/antagonists
- Histamine H1 receptor antagonists
- Histamine H2/H3 receptor agonists/antagonists
- Opioid receptor agonists/antagonists
- Serotonin receptor agonists/antagonists
Target-based classification: Ion channels
- Calcium channel blocking drugs
- N-Metyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonists
- Nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonists
- Potassium channel blocking and opening drugs
- Sodium channel blocking drugs
Target-based classification: Nuclear receptors
- Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor agonists/antagonists
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists
- Progesterone, androgen and estrogen receptor agonists/antagonists
- Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists/antagonists
Target-based classification: Transporters
Membrane transport
Signal transduction
- AMPK signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Apelin signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Calcium signaling pathway (View pathway)
- cAMP signaling pathway (View pathway)
- cGMP-PKG signaling pathway (View pathway)
- ErbB signaling pathway (View pathway)
- FoxO signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Hedgehog signaling pathway (View pathway)
- HIF-1 signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Hippo signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Hippo signaling pathway - multiple species (View pathway)
- Jak-STAT signaling pathway (View pathway)
- MAPK signaling pathway (View pathway)
- mTOR signaling pathway (View pathway)
- NF-kappa B signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Notch signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Phosphatidylinositol signaling system
- Phospholipase D signaling pathway (View pathway)
- PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Rap1 signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Ras signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Sphingolipid signaling pathway (View pathway)
- TGF-beta signaling pathway (View pathway)
- TNF signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Two-component system
- VEGF signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Wnt signaling pathway (View pathway)
Signaling molecules and interaction
Folding, sorting and degradation
- Proteasome
- Protein export
- Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (View pathway)
- RNA degradation
- SNARE interactions in vesicular transport
- Sulfur relay system (View pathway)
- Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis (View pathway)
Replication and repair
- Base excision repair
- DNA replication
- Fanconi anemia pathway
- Homologous recombination
- Mismatch repair
- Non-homologous end-joining
- Nucleotide excision repair
Transcription
Translation
Cancers: Overview
- Central carbon metabolism in cancer (View pathway)
- Chemical carcinogenesis
- Choline metabolism in cancer (View pathway)
- MicroRNAs in cancer
- Pathways in cancer (View pathway)
- Proteoglycans in cancer
- Transcriptional misregulation in cancer
- Viral carcinogenesis
Cancers: Specific types
- Acute myeloid leukemia (View pathway)
- Basal cell carcinoma (View pathway)
- Bladder cancer (View pathway)
- Breast cancer (View pathway)
- Chronic myeloid leukemia (View pathway)
- Colorectal cancer (View pathway)
- Endometrial cancer (View pathway)
- Gastric cancer (View pathway)
- Glioma (View pathway)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (View pathway)
- Melanoma (View pathway)
- Non-small cell lung cancer (View pathway)
- Pancreatic cancer (View pathway)
- Prostate cancer (View pathway)
- Renal cell carcinoma (View pathway)
- Small cell lung cancer (View pathway)
- Thyroid cancer (View pathway)
Cardiovascular diseases
- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
- Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
- Fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
- Viral myocarditis
Drug resistance: Antimicrobial
Drug resistance: Antineoplastic
- Antifolate resistance
- EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance
- Endocrine resistance
- Platinum drug resistance
Endocrine and metabolic diseases
- AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications
- Insulin resistance
- Maturity onset diabetes of the young
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
- Type I diabetes mellitus
- Type II diabetes mellitus
Immune diseases
- Allograft rejection
- Asthma
- Autoimmune thyroid disease
- Graft-versus-host disease
- Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- Primary immunodeficiency
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
Infectious diseases: Bacterial
- Bacterial invasion of epithelial cells
- Epithelial cell signaling in Helicobacter pylori infection
- Legionellosis
- Pathogenic Escherichia coli infection
- Pertussis
- Salmonella infection
- Shigellosis
- Staphylococcus aureus infection
- Tuberculosis
- Vibrio cholerae infection
Infectious diseases: Parasitic
- African trypanosomiasis
- Amoebiasis
- Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)
- Leishmaniasis
- Malaria
- Toxoplasmosis
Infectious diseases: Viral
- Epstein-Barr virus infection
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Herpes simplex infection
- HTLV-I infection
- Human papillomavirus infection
- Influenza A
- Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection
- Measles
Neurodegenerative diseases
- Alzheimer's disease
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
- Huntington's disease
- Parkinson's disease
- Prion diseases
Substance dependence
Amino acid metabolism
- Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
- Arginine and proline metabolism
- Arginine biosynthesis
- Cysteine and methionine metabolism
- Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
- Histidine metabolism
- Lysine biosynthesis
- Lysine degradation
- Phenylalanine metabolism
- Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis
- Tryptophan metabolism
- Tyrosine metabolism
- Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis
- Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation
Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
- Acarbose and validamycin biosynthesis
- Acridone alkaloid biosynthesis
- Aflatoxin biosynthesis
- Anthocyanin biosynthesis
- Benzoxazinoid biosynthesis
- Betalain biosynthesis
- Caffeine metabolism
- Carbapenem biosynthesis
- Clavulanic acid biosynthesis
- Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis
- Flavonoid biosynthesis
- Glucosinolate biosynthesis
- Indole alkaloid biosynthesis
- Indole diterpene alkaloid biosynthesis
- Isoflavonoid biosynthesis
- Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis
- Monobactam biosynthesis
- Neomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin biosynthesis
- Novobiocin biosynthesis
- Penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis
- Phenazine biosynthesis
- Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis
- Prodigiosin biosynthesis
- Puromycin biosynthesis
- Staurosporine biosynthesis
- Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis
- Streptomycin biosynthesis
- Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis
Carbohydrate metabolism
- Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism
- Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism
- Butanoate metabolism
- C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism
- Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
- Fructose and mannose metabolism
- Galactose metabolism
- Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis
- Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism
- Inositol phosphate metabolism
- Pentose and glucuronate interconversions
- Pentose phosphate pathway
- Propanoate metabolism
- Pyruvate metabolism
- Starch and sucrose metabolism
Chemical structure transformation maps
- Biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from histidine and purine
- Biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from ornithine, lysine and nicotinic acid
- Biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from shikimate pathway
- Biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from terpenoid and polyketide
- Biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids
- Biosynthesis of plant hormones
- Biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites
- Biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids
- Overview of biosynthetic pathways
Energy metabolism
- Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms
- Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes
- Methane metabolism
- Nitrogen metabolism
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis - antenna proteins
- Sulfur metabolism
Global and overview maps
- 2-Oxocarboxylic acid metabolism
- Biosynthesis of amino acids
- Biosynthesis of antibiotics
- Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites
- Carbon metabolism
- Degradation of aromatic compounds
- Fatty acid metabolism
- Metabolic pathways
- Microbial metabolism in diverse environments
Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism
- Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis - chondroitin sulfate / dermatan sulfate
- Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis - heparan sulfate / heparin
- Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis - keratan sulfate
- Glycosaminoglycan degradation
- Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - ganglio series
- Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - globo and isoglobo series
- Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - lacto and neolacto series
- Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis
- Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis
- Mannose type O-glycan biosynthesis
- Mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis
- N-Glycan biosynthesis
- Other glycan degradation
- Other types of O-glycan biosynthesis
- Peptidoglycan biosynthesis
- Various types of N-glycan biosynthesis
Lipid metabolism
- alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism
- Arachidonic acid metabolism
- Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids
- Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis
- Ether lipid metabolism
- Fatty acid biosynthesis
- Fatty acid degradation
- Fatty acid elongation
- Glycerolipid metabolism
- Glycerophospholipid metabolism
- Linoleic acid metabolism
- Primary bile acid biosynthesis
- Secondary bile acid biosynthesis
- Sphingolipid metabolism
- Steroid biosynthesis
- Steroid hormone biosynthesis
- Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies
Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins
- Biotin metabolism
- Folate biosynthesis
- Lipoic acid metabolism
- Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
- One carbon pool by folate
- Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
- Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism
- Retinol metabolism
- Riboflavin metabolism
- Thiamine metabolism
- Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis
- Vitamin B6 metabolism
Metabolism of other amino acids
- beta-Alanine metabolism
- Cyanoamino acid metabolism
- D-Alanine metabolism
- D-Arginine and D-ornithine metabolism
- D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism
- Glutathione metabolism
- Phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism
- Selenocompound metabolism
- Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism
Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides
- Biosynthesis of 12-, 14- and 16-membered macrolides
- Biosynthesis of ansamycins
- Biosynthesis of enediyne antibiotics
- Biosynthesis of siderophore group nonribosomal peptides
- Biosynthesis of type II polyketide backbone
- Biosynthesis of type II polyketide products
- Biosynthesis of vancomycin group antibiotics
- Brassinosteroid biosynthesis
- Carotenoid biosynthesis
- Diterpenoid biosynthesis
- Geraniol degradation
- Insect hormone biosynthesis
- Limonene and pinene degradation
- Monoterpenoid biosynthesis
- Nonribosomal peptide structures
- Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis
- Sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis
- Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
- Tetracycline biosynthesis
- Type I polyketide structures
- Zeatin biosynthesis
Nucleotide metabolism
Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism
- Aminobenzoate degradation
- Atrazine degradation
- Benzoate degradation
- Bisphenol degradation
- Caprolactam degradation
- Chloroalkane and chloroalkene degradation
- Chlorocyclohexane and chlorobenzene degradation
- DDT degradation
- Dioxin degradation
- Drug metabolism - cytochrome P450
- Drug metabolism - other enzymes
- Ethylbenzene degradation
- Fluorobenzoate degradation
- Furfural degradation
- Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450
- Naphthalene degradation
- Nitrotoluene degradation
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation
- Steroid degradation
- Styrene degradation
- Toluene degradation
- Xylene degradation
Aging
- Longevity regulating pathway (View pathway)
- Longevity regulating pathway - multiple species (View pathway)
Circulatory system
- Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes (View pathway)
- Cardiac muscle contraction (View pathway)
- Vascular smooth muscle contraction (View pathway)
Development
Digestive system
- Bile secretion
- Carbohydrate digestion and absorption
- Cholesterol metabolism
- Fat digestion and absorption
- Gastric acid secretion
- Mineral absorption
- Pancreatic secretion
- Protein digestion and absorption
- Salivary secretion
- Vitamin digestion and absorption
Endocrine system
- Adipocytokine signaling pathway
- Aldosterone synthesis and secretion
- Estrogen signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Glucagon signaling pathway
- GnRH signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Insulin secretion (View pathway)
- Insulin signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Melanogenesis
- Ovarian steroidogenesis
- Oxytocin signaling pathway
- PPAR signaling pathway
- Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation
- Prolactin signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes
- Relaxin signaling pathway
- Renin secretion
- Renin-angiotensin system (View pathway)
- Thyroid hormone signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Thyroid hormone synthesis
Environmental adaptation
Excretory system
- Aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption
- Collecting duct acid secretion
- Endocrine and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption
- Proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation
- Vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption
Immune system
- Antigen processing and presentation (View pathway)
- B cell receptor signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Chemokine signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Complement and coagulation cascades (View pathway)
- Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway (View pathway)
- Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis (View pathway)
- Hematopoietic cell lineage (View pathway)
- IL-17 signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Intestinal immune network for IgA production (View pathway)
- Leukocyte transendothelial migration (View pathway)
- Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity (View pathway)
- NOD-like receptor signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Platelet activation (View pathway)
- RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway (View pathway)
- T cell receptor signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation (View pathway)
- Th17 cell differentiation (View pathway)
- Toll-like receptor signaling pathway (View pathway)
Nervous system
- Cholinergic synapse
- Dopaminergic synapse
- GABAergic synapse
- Glutamatergic synapse
- Long-term depression
- Long-term potentiation
- Neurotrophin signaling pathway (View pathway)
- Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling (View pathway)
- Serotonergic synapse
- Synaptic vesicle cycle
Sensory system