Product: APEX1 Antibody
Catalog: DF6253
Description: Rabbit polyclonal antibody to APEX1
Application: WB IHC IF/ICC
Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat
Prediction: Pig, Bovine, Horse, Sheep, Rabbit, Dog
Mol.Wt.: 36kDa; 36kD(Calculated).
Uniprot: P27695
RRID: AB_2838219

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 100ul $280 In stock
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Product Info

Source:
Rabbit
Application:
WB 1:500-1:2000, IHC 1:50-1:200, IF/ICC 1:100-1:400
*The optimal dilutions should be determined by the end user.
*Tips:

WB: For western blot detection of denatured protein samples. IHC: For immunohistochemical detection of paraffin sections (IHC-p) or frozen sections (IHC-f) of tissue samples. IF/ICC: For immunofluorescence detection of cell samples. ELISA(peptide): For ELISA detection of antigenic peptide.

Reactivity:
Human,Mouse,Rat
Prediction:
Pig(91%), Bovine(91%), Horse(100%), Sheep(91%), Rabbit(91%), Dog(82%)
Clonality:
Polyclonal
Specificity:
APEX1 Antibody detects endogenous levels of total APEX1.
RRID:
AB_2838219
Cite Format: Affinity Biosciences Cat# DF6253, RRID:AB_2838219.
Conjugate:
Unconjugated.
Purification:
The antiserum was purified by peptide affinity chromatography using SulfoLink™ Coupling Resin (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
Storage:
Rabbit IgG in phosphate buffered saline , pH 7.4, 150mM NaCl, 0.02% sodium azide and 50% glycerol. Store at -20 °C. Stable for 12 months from date of receipt.
Alias:

Fold/Unfold

AP endonuclease 1; AP endonuclease class I; AP lyase; APE 1; APE; APE-1; APEN; APEX 1; APEX; APEX nuclease (multifunctional DNA repair enzyme) 1; Apex nuclease 1; APEX nuclease; APEX1; APEX1_HUMAN; Apurinic endonuclease; Apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease 1; Apurinic/apyrimidinic (abasic) endonuclease; Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1; Apurinic/apyrimidinic exonuclease; APX; BAP1; Deoxyribonuclease (apurinic or apyrimidinic); DNA (apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase; DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase, mitochondrial; EC 4.2.99.18; HAP 1; HAP1; Human Apurinic endonuclease 1; MGC139790; Multifunctional DNA repair enzyme; Redox factor 1; Redox factor-1; REF 1; REF 1 protein; REF-1; REF1; REF1 protein;

Immunogens

Immunogen:
Uniprot:
Gene(ID):
Description:
Ape1 (Apurinic/ApyrimidiceEndonuclease 1), also known as Ref1 (Redox effector factor 1), is a multifunctional protein with several biological activities. These include roles in DNA repair and in the cellular response to oxidative stress. Ape1 initiates the repair of abasic sites and is essential for the base excision repair (BER) pathway (1). Repair activities of Ape1 are stimulated by interaction with XRCC1 (2), another essential protein in BER. Ape1 functions as a redox factor that maintains transcription factors in an active, reduced state but can also function in a redox-independent manner as a transcriptional cofactor to control different cellular fates such as apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation (3). Increased expression of Ape1 is associated with many types of cancers including cervical, ovarian, prostate, rhabdomyosarcomas and germ cell tumors (4). Ape1 has been shown to stimulate DNA binding of several transcription factors known to be involved in tumor progression such as Fos, Jun, NF-κB, PAX, HIF-1, HLF and p53 (4). Mutation of the Ape1 gene has also been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (5,6).
Sequence:
MPKRGKKGAVAEDGDELRTEPEAKKSKTAAKKNDKEAAGEGPALYEDPPDQKTSPSGKPATLKICSWNVDGLRAWIKKKGLDWVKEEAPDILCLQETKCSENKLPAELQELPGLSHQYWSAPSDKEGYSGVGLLSRQCPLKVSYGIGDEEHDQEGRVIVAEFDSFVLVTAYVPNAGRGLVRLEYRQRWDEAFRKFLKGLASRKPLVLCGDLNVAHEEIDLRNPKGNKKNAGFTPQERQGFGELLQAVPLADSFRHLYPNTPYAYTFWTYMMNARSKNVGWRLDYFLLSHSLLPALCDSKIRSKALGSDHCPITLYLAL

Predictions

Predictions:

Score>80(red) has high confidence and is suggested to be used for WB detection. *The prediction model is mainly based on the alignment of immunogen sequences, the results are for reference only, not as the basis of quality assurance.

Species
Results
Score
Horse
100
Pig
91
Bovine
91
Sheep
91
Rabbit
91
Dog
82
Xenopus
0
Zebrafish
0
Chicken
0
Model Confidence:
High(score>80) Medium(80>score>50) Low(score<50) No confidence

PTMs - P27695 As Substrate

Site PTM Type Enzyme
K3 Acetylation
K6 Acetylation
K6 Methylation
K7 Acetylation
K7 Ubiquitination
R18 Methylation
T19 Phosphorylation
K24 Acetylation
K24 Ubiquitination
K25 Acetylation
K25 Ubiquitination
K27 Acetylation
K27 Ubiquitination
K31 Acetylation
K32 Acetylation
K35 Acetylation
Y45 Phosphorylation
K52 Sumoylation
K52 Ubiquitination
T53 Phosphorylation
S54 Phosphorylation
K58 Methylation
K58 Ubiquitination
K63 Methylation
C65 S-Nitrosylation
S66 Phosphorylation
R73 Methylation
K79 Ubiquitination
K85 Acetylation
K85 Sumoylation
K85 Ubiquitination
C93 S-Nitrosylation
K98 Ubiquitination
K103 Ubiquitination
S123 Phosphorylation P68400 (CSNK2A1)
K125 Acetylation
K125 Ubiquitination
Y128 Phosphorylation
R136 Methylation
Y171 Phosphorylation
Y184 Phosphorylation
K197 Acetylation
K197 Ubiquitination
K228 Ubiquitination
T233 Phosphorylation Q00535 (CDK5)
S252 Phosphorylation
Y262 Phosphorylation
S290 Phosphorylation
C310 S-Nitrosylation

Research Backgrounds

Function:

Multifunctional protein that plays a central role in the cellular response to oxidative stress. The two major activities of APEX1 are DNA repair and redox regulation of transcriptional factors. Functions as a apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway of DNA lesions induced by oxidative and alkylating agents. Initiates repair of AP sites in DNA by catalyzing hydrolytic incision of the phosphodiester backbone immediately adjacent to the damage, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends. Does also incise at AP sites in the DNA strand of DNA/RNA hybrids, single-stranded DNA regions of R-loop structures, and single-stranded RNA molecules. Has a 3'-5' exoribonuclease activity on mismatched deoxyribonucleotides at the 3' termini of nicked or gapped DNA molecules during short-patch BER. Possesses a DNA 3' phosphodiesterase activity capable of removing lesions (such as phosphoglycolate) blocking the 3' side of DNA strand breaks. May also play a role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression by participating in DNA demethylation. Acts as a loading factor for POLB onto non-incised AP sites in DNA and stimulates the 5'-terminal deoxyribose 5'-phosphate (dRp) excision activity of POLB. Plays a role in the protection from granzymes-mediated cellular repair leading to cell death. Also involved in the DNA cleavage step of class switch recombination (CSR). On the other hand, APEX1 also exerts reversible nuclear redox activity to regulate DNA binding affinity and transcriptional activity of transcriptional factors by controlling the redox status of their DNA-binding domain, such as the FOS/JUN AP-1 complex after exposure to IR. Involved in calcium-dependent down-regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) expression by binding to negative calcium response elements (nCaREs). Together with HNRNPL or the dimer XRCC5/XRCC6, associates with nCaRE, acting as an activator of transcriptional repression. Stimulates the YBX1-mediated MDR1 promoter activity, when acetylated at Lys-6 and Lys-7, leading to drug resistance. Acts also as an endoribonuclease involved in the control of single-stranded RNA metabolism. Plays a role in regulating MYC mRNA turnover by preferentially cleaving in between UA and CA dinucleotides of the MYC coding region determinant (CRD). In association with NMD1, plays a role in the rRNA quality control process during cell cycle progression. Associates, together with YBX1, on the MDR1 promoter. Together with NPM1, associates with rRNA. Binds DNA and RNA.

PTMs:

Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation by kinase PKC or casein kinase CK2 results in enhanced redox activity that stimulates binding of the FOS/JUN AP-1 complex to its cognate binding site. AP-endodeoxyribonuclease activity is not affected by CK2-mediated phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of Thr-233 by CDK5 reduces AP-endodeoxyribonuclease activity resulting in accumulation of DNA damage and contributing to neuronal death.

Acetylated on Lys-6 and Lys-7. Acetylation is increased by the transcriptional coactivator EP300 acetyltransferase, genotoxic agents like H(2)O(2) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Acetylation increases its binding affinity to the negative calcium response element (nCaRE) DNA promoter. The acetylated form induces a stronger binding of YBX1 to the Y-box sequence in the MDR1 promoter than the unacetylated form. Deacetylated on lysines. Lys-6 and Lys-7 are deacetylated by SIRT1.

Cleaved at Lys-31 by granzyme A to create the mitochondrial form; leading in reduction of binding to DNA, AP endodeoxynuclease activity, redox activation of transcription factors and to enhanced cell death. Cleaved by granzyme K; leading to intracellular ROS accumulation and enhanced cell death after oxidative stress.

Cys-65 and Cys-93 are nitrosylated in response to nitric oxide (NO) and lead to the exposure of the nuclear export signal (NES).

Ubiquitinated by MDM2; leading to translocation to the cytoplasm and proteasomal degradation.

Subcellular Location:

Nucleus. Nucleus>Nucleolus. Nucleus speckle. Endoplasmic reticulum. Cytoplasm.
Note: Detected in the cytoplasm of B-cells stimulated to switch (By similarity). Colocalized with SIRT1 in the nucleus. Colocalized with YBX1 in nuclear speckles after genotoxic stress. Together with OGG1 is recruited to nuclear speckles in UVA-irradiated cells. Colocalized with nucleolin and NPM1 in the nucleolus. Its nucleolar localization is cell cycle dependent and requires active rRNA transcription. Colocalized with calreticulin in the endoplasmic reticulum. Translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is stimulated in presence of nitric oxide (NO) and function in a CRM1-dependent manner, possibly as a consequence of demasking a nuclear export signal (amino acid position 64-80). S-nitrosylation at Cys-93 and Cys-310 regulates its nuclear-cytosolic shuttling. Ubiquitinated form is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm.

Mitochondrion.
Note: The cleaved APEX2 is only detected in mitochondria (By similarity). Translocation from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria is mediated by ROS signaling and cleavage mediated by granzyme A. Tom20-dependent translocated mitochondrial APEX1 level is significantly increased after genotoxic stress.

Extracellular region or secreted Cytosol Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Lysosome Endosome Peroxisome ER Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Manual annotation Automatic computational assertionSubcellular location
Subunit Structure:

Monomer. Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Component of the SET complex, composed of at least APEX1, SET, ANP32A, HMGB2, NME1 and TREX1. Associates with the dimer XRCC5/XRCC6 in a DNA-dependent manner. Interacts with SIRT1; the interaction is increased in the context of genotoxic stress. Interacts with HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3; the interactions are not dependent on the APEX1 acetylation status. Interacts with XRCC1; the interaction is induced by SIRT1 and increased with the APEX1 acetylated form. Interacts with NPM1 (via N-terminal domain); the interaction is RNA-dependent and decreases in hydrogen peroxide-damaged cells. Interacts (via N-terminus) with YBX1 (via C-terminus); the interaction is increased in presence of APEX1 acetylated at Lys-6 and Lys-7. Interacts with HNRNPL; the interaction is DNA-dependent. Interacts (via N-terminus) with KPNA1 and KPNA2. Interacts with TXN; the interaction stimulates the FOS/JUN AP-1 complex DNA-binding activity in a redox-dependent manner. Interacts with GZMA, KRT8, MDM2, POLB, PRDX6, PRPF19, RPLP0, TOMM20 and WDR77. Binds to CDK5.

Family&Domains:

The N-terminus contains the redox activity while the C-terminus exerts the DNA AP-endodeoxyribonuclease activity; both function are independent in their actions. An unconventional mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) is harbored within the C-terminus, that appears to be masked by the N-terminal sequence containing the nuclear localization signal (NLS), that probably blocks the interaction between the MTS and Tom proteins.

Belongs to the DNA repair enzymes AP/ExoA family.

Research Fields

· Genetic Information Processing > Replication and repair > Base excision repair.

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