PKM2 Antibody - #AF5234

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Product: PKM2 Antibody
Catalog: AF5234
Description: Rabbit polyclonal antibody to PKM2
Application: WB IHC IF/ICC
Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat
Prediction: Pig, Bovine, Sheep, Rabbit, Dog, Chicken, Xenopus
Mol.Wt.: 58 kDa; 58kD(Calculated).
Uniprot: P14618
RRID: AB_2837720

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Related Downloads
MS Report
HPLC Report
MSDS
Data Sheet
COA
Protocols
WB Handbook
IHC Protocol
IF/ICC Protocol

Product Info

Source:
Rabbit
Application:
WB 1:500-1:2000, IHC 1:50-1:200, IF/ICC 1:100-1:500
*The optimal dilutions should be determined by the end user.
*Tips:

WB: For western blot detection of denatured protein samples. IHC: For immunohistochemical detection of paraffin sections (IHC-p) or frozen sections (IHC-f) of tissue samples. IF/ICC: For immunofluorescence detection of cell samples. ELISA(peptide): For ELISA detection of antigenic peptide.

Reactivity:
Human,Mouse,Rat
Prediction:
Pig(92%), Bovine(100%), Sheep(100%), Rabbit(92%), Dog(100%), Chicken(92%), Xenopus(83%)
Clonality:
Polyclonal
Specificity:
PKM2 Antibody detects endogenous levels of total PKM2.
RRID:
AB_2837720
Cite Format: Affinity Biosciences Cat# AF5234, RRID:AB_2837720.
Conjugate:
Unconjugated.
Purification:
The antiserum was purified by peptide affinity chromatography using SulfoLink™ Coupling Resin (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
Storage:
Rabbit IgG in phosphate buffered saline , pH 7.4, 150mM NaCl, 0.02% sodium azide and 50% glycerol. Store at -20 °C. Stable for 12 months from date of receipt.
Alias:

Fold/Unfold

CTHBP; Cytosolic thyroid hormone binding protein; Cytosolic thyroid hormone-binding protein; KPYM_HUMAN; MGC3932; OIP 3; OIP-3; OIP3; OPA interacting protein 3; Opa-interacting protein 3; p58; PK muscle type; PK, muscle type; PK2; PK3; PKM; PKM2; pykm; Pyruvate kinase 2/3; Pyruvate kinase 3; Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2; Pyruvate kinase muscle; Pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme; pyruvate kinase PKM; Pyruvate kinase, muscle 2; TCB; THBP1; Thyroid hormone binding protein 1; Thyroid hormone binding protein cytosolic; Thyroid hormone-binding protein 1; Tumor M2 PK; Tumor M2-PK;

Immunogens

Immunogen:
Uniprot:

P14618(KPYM_HUMAN) >>Visit HPA database.

Gene(ID):
PKM(5315)
Expression:
P14618 KPYM_HUMAN:

Specifically expressed in proliferating cells, such as embryonic stem cells, embryonic carcinoma cells, as well as cancer cells.

Description:
Glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, generating ATP. Stimulates POU5F1-mediated transcriptional activation. Plays a general role in caspase independent cell death of tumor cells. The ratio betwween the highly active tetrameric form and nearly inactive dimeric form determines whether glucose carbons are channeled to biosynthetic processes or used for glycolytic ATP production
Sequence:
MSKPHSEAGTAFIQTQQLHAAMADTFLEHMCRLDIDSPPITARNTGIICTIGPASRSVETLKEMIKSGMNVARLNFSHGTHEYHAETIKNVRTATESFASDPILYRPVAVALDTKGPEIRTGLIKGSGTAEVELKKGATLKITLDNAYMEKCDENILWLDYKNICKVVEVGSKIYVDDGLISLQVKQKGADFLVTEVENGGSLGSKKGVNLPGAAVDLPAVSEKDIQDLKFGVEQDVDMVFASFIRKASDVHEVRKVLGEKGKNIKIISKIENHEGVRRFDEILEASDGIMVARGDLGIEIPAEKVFLAQKMMIGRCNRAGKPVICATQMLESMIKKPRPTRAEGSDVANAVLDGADCIMLSGETAKGDYPLEAVRMQHLIAREAEAAIYHLQLFEELRRLAPITSDPTEATAVGAVEASFKCCSGAIIVLTKSGRSAHQVARYRPRAPIIAVTRNPQTARQAHLYRGIFPVLCKDPVQEAWAEDVDLRVNFAMNVGKARGFFKKGDVVIVLTGWRPGSGFTNTMRVVPVP

Predictions

Predictions:

Score>80(red) has high confidence and is suggested to be used for WB detection. *The prediction model is mainly based on the alignment of immunogen sequences, the results are for reference only, not as the basis of quality assurance.

Species
Results
Score
Bovine
100
Sheep
100
Dog
100
Pig
92
Chicken
92
Rabbit
92
Xenopus
83
Horse
0
Zebrafish
0
Model Confidence:
High(score>80) Medium(80>score>50) Low(score<50) No confidence

PTMs - P14618 As Substrate

Site PTM Type Enzyme
S2 Acetylation
S2 Phosphorylation
K3 Acetylation
K3 Methylation
K3 Ubiquitination
S6 Phosphorylation
T25 Phosphorylation
S37 Phosphorylation P28482 (MAPK1)
T41 Phosphorylation
T45 Phosphorylation Q96GD4 (AURKB)
C49 S-Nitrosylation
T50 Phosphorylation
S55 Phosphorylation
S57 Phosphorylation
T60 Phosphorylation
K62 Acetylation
K62 Ubiquitination
K66 Acetylation
K66 Ubiquitination
S77 Phosphorylation
T80 Phosphorylation
Y83 Phosphorylation
T87 Phosphorylation
K89 Acetylation
K89 Ubiquitination
R92 Methylation
T93 Phosphorylation
T95 Phosphorylation
S97 Phosphorylation
S100 Phosphorylation
Y105 Phosphorylation Q9UM73 (ALK)
K115 Acetylation
K115 Ubiquitination
K125 Ubiquitination
S127 Phosphorylation
T129 Phosphorylation
K135 Acetylation
K135 Ubiquitination
K136 Ubiquitination
K141 Acetylation
K141 Ubiquitination
T143 Phosphorylation
Y148 Phosphorylation P00533 (EGFR)
K151 Acetylation
K151 Ubiquitination
C152 S-Nitrosylation
Y161 Phosphorylation
K162 Acetylation
K162 Ubiquitination
K166 Acetylation
K166 Sumoylation
K166 Ubiquitination
S172 Phosphorylation
Y175 Phosphorylation
S182 Phosphorylation
K186 Acetylation
K186 Ubiquitination
K188 Acetylation
K188 Ubiquitination
T195 Phosphorylation
S202 Phosphorylation
S205 Phosphorylation
K206 Acetylation
K206 Ubiquitination
K207 Acetylation
K207 Ubiquitination
S222 Phosphorylation
K224 Acetylation
K224 Sumoylation
K224 Ubiquitination
K230 Acetylation
K230 Ubiquitination
S243 Phosphorylation
K247 Ubiquitination
S249 Phosphorylation
R255 Methylation
K256 Ubiquitination
K261 Acetylation
K261 Ubiquitination
K266 Acetylation
K266 Ubiquitination
S269 Phosphorylation
K270 Sumoylation
K270 Ubiquitination
R278 Methylation
S287 Phosphorylation
K305 Acetylation
K305 Ubiquitination
K311 Ubiquitination
R319 Methylation
K322 Ubiquitination
C326 S-Nitrosylation
T328 Phosphorylation
K336 Ubiquitination
K337 Ubiquitination
S346 Phosphorylation
S362 Phosphorylation
T365 Phosphorylation
K367 Acetylation
K367 Ubiquitination
Y370 Phosphorylation
Y390 Phosphorylation
T405 O-Glycosylation
S406 O-Glycosylation
S406 Phosphorylation
T409 Phosphorylation
T412 Phosphorylation
S420 Phosphorylation
K422 Acetylation
C423 S-Nitrosylation
C424 S-Nitrosylation
S425 Phosphorylation
T432 Phosphorylation
K433 Acetylation
K433 Ubiquitination
S434 Phosphorylation
Y444 Phosphorylation
T454 Phosphorylation Q9P1W9 (PIM2)
Y466 Phosphorylation
R467 Methylation
C474 S-Nitrosylation
K475 Ubiquitination
K498 Acetylation
K498 Ubiquitination
K505 Ubiquitination
T513 Phosphorylation
S519 Phosphorylation
T524 Phosphorylation

PTMs - P14618 As Enzyme

Substrate Site Source
O00161 (SNAP23) S95 Uniprot
O43684 (BUB3) Y207 Uniprot
P40763 (STAT3) Y705 Uniprot

Research Backgrounds

Function:

Glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, generating ATP. Stimulates POU5F1-mediated transcriptional activation. Plays a general role in caspase independent cell death of tumor cells. The ratio between the highly active tetrameric form and nearly inactive dimeric form determines whether glucose carbons are channeled to biosynthetic processes or used for glycolytic ATP production. The transition between the 2 forms contributes to the control of glycolysis and is important for tumor cell proliferation and survival. Promotes in a STAT1-dependent manner, the expression of the immune checkpoint protein CD274 in ARNTL/BMAL1-deficient macrophages (By similarity).

PTMs:

ISGylated.

Under hypoxia, hydroxylated by EGLN3.

Acetylation at Lys-305 is stimulated by high glucose concentration, it decreases enzyme activity and promotes its lysosomal-dependent degradation via chaperone-mediated autophagy.

FGFR1-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation is reduced by interaction with TRIM35.

Subcellular Location:

Cytoplasm. Nucleus.
Note: Translocates to the nucleus in response to different apoptotic stimuli. Nuclear translocation is sufficient to induce cell death that is caspase independent, isoform-specific and independent of its enzymatic activity.

Extracellular region or secreted Cytosol Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Lysosome Endosome Peroxisome ER Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Manual annotation Automatic computational assertionSubcellular location
Tissue Specificity:

Specifically expressed in proliferating cells, such as embryonic stem cells, embryonic carcinoma cells, as well as cancer cells.

Subunit Structure:

Monomer and homotetramer. Exists as a monomer in the absence of D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), and reversibly associates to form a homotetramer in the presence of FBP. The monomeric form binds T3. Tetramer formation induces pyruvate kinase activity. The tetrameric form has high affinity for the substrate and is associated within the glycolytic enzyme complex. Exists in a nearly inactive dimeric form in tumor cells and the dimeric form has less affinity for the substrate. Binding to certain oncoproteins such as HPV-16 E7 oncoprotein can trigger dimerization. FBP stimulates the formation of tetramers from dimers. Interacts with HERC1, POU5F1 and PML. Interacts (isoform M2) with EGLN3; the interaction hydroxylates PKM under hypoxia and enhances binding to HIF1A. Interacts (isoform M2) with HIF1A; the interaction is enhanced by binding of EGLN3, promoting enhanced transcription activity under hypoxia. Interacts (isoform M2, but not isoform M1) with TRIM35; this interaction prevents FGFR1-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation. Interacts with JMJD8.

Family&Domains:

Belongs to the pyruvate kinase family.

Research Fields

· Human Diseases > Endocrine and metabolic diseases > Type II diabetes mellitus.

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Viral > Human papillomavirus infection.

· Human Diseases > Cancers: Overview > Viral carcinogenesis.

· Human Diseases > Cancers: Overview > Central carbon metabolism in cancer.   (View pathway)

· Metabolism > Carbohydrate metabolism > Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis.

· Metabolism > Nucleotide metabolism > Purine metabolism.

· Metabolism > Carbohydrate metabolism > Pyruvate metabolism.

· Metabolism > Global and overview maps > Metabolic pathways.

· Metabolism > Global and overview maps > Carbon metabolism.

· Metabolism > Global and overview maps > Biosynthesis of amino acids.

· Organismal Systems > Endocrine system > Glucagon signaling pathway.

References

1). Drug-Free Biomimetic Oxygen Supply Nanovehicle Promotes Ischemia-Reperfusion Therapy in Stroke. Advanced Functional Materials, 2023 [IF=19.0]
2). Bruceine A induces cell growth inhibition and apoptosis through PFKFB4/GSK3β signaling in pancreatic cancer. PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH, 2021 (PubMed: 33992797) [IF=9.3]

Application: WB    Species: human    Sample: MIA PaCa-2 cells

Fig. 4. | Bruceine A induces cell growth inhibition and apoptosis via PFKFB4-mediated glycolysis in MIA PaCa-2 cells. (D) MIA PaCa-2 cells were treated with 25 nM bruceine A for 0, 6, 12, and 24 h. Immunoblots against GLUT1, HK2, PFKFB4,PFKM, PKM2, LDHA, and β-actin from cell lysates of MIA PaCa-2 cells were detected. β-actin was served as control. Results were expressed as means ± SD of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 versus control cultured with 0.1% DMSO by one-way ANOVA and post hoc tests.
3). Inhibition of PTP1B blocks pancreatic cancer progression by targeting the PKM2/AMPK/mTOC1 pathway. Cell Death & Disease, 2019 (PubMed: 31745071) [IF=9.0]

Application: WB    Species: Human    Sample: pancreatic cancer tissue

Fig. 6 The relationship between PTP1B and AMPK. a PTP1B overexpression resulted in decreased p-AMPK (alpha). b, c The negative correlation between PTP1B and p-AMPKα was showed in pancreatic cancer patient tissue samples (p < 0.001, p value was obtained by a Pearson χ2 test; scale bar, 200 μm and 50 μm). d PTP1B inhibition either by shRNAs or by LXQ46 increased the phosphorylation of PKM2. e, f The inactivated PKM2 resulted in increased phosphorylation of AMPKα and decreased the phosphorylation of PRAS40, causing the inhibition of mTOC1 activity. g PTP1B inhibition caused AMPK activation and decreased p-p70S6K in vivo (scale bar, 200 and 50 μm).
4). Pimozide inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells by alleviating the Warburg effect through the P53 signaling pathway. BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY, 2022 (PubMed: 35658233) [IF=7.5]

Application: WB    Species: Human    Sample: MCF-7 cells

Fig. 5. Pimozide promotes the expression of p53 through PI3K/Akt/MDM2 pathway. (A-B) Cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of Pimozide for 24 h, the protein expression of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, Akt, p-MDM2, MDM2 in MCF-7 (A) and MDA-MB-231 (B) cells were determined by Western blot analysis (left panel). Densitometry analysis was performed to assess the protein expression of p-PI3K/PI3K, p-Akt/Akt, p-MDM2/MDM2 (normalized to β-actin expression) (right panel). (C-F) Western blot analysis for p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, Akt, p-MDM2, MDM2, P53, and PKM2 protein levels in MCF-7 (C, E) and MDA-MB-231 (D, F) cells incubated with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or PI3K agonist SC79 as indicated. (G) After treatment with SC79, colony-forming assay images (left panel) and quantification of colony number percentages (right panel). Data represent mean ± SD from three biological replicates (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ns: not significant).
5). Chang qing formula ameliorates colitis-associated colorectal cancer via suppressing IL-17/NF-κB/STAT3 pathway in mice as revealed by network pharmacology study. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022 (PubMed: 35991881) [IF=5.6]
6). Long Non-coding RNA MEG3 Activated by Vitamin D Suppresses Glycolysis in Colorectal Cancer via Promoting c-Myc Degradation. Frontiers in Oncology, 2020 (PubMed: 32219064) [IF=4.7]

Application: WB    Species: Human    Sample: CRC cell

Figure 4 Maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) promotes c-Myc protein degradation. Expression levels of c-Myc, HK2, PKM2, and LDHA were detected by Western blot (A) and qRT-PCR (B) analysis in MEG3 overexpression and knockdown colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. (C) MEG3 overexpression CRC cell lines were treated with 100 μg/ml of cycloheximide (CHX) and harvested at the indicated time points. c-Myc protein was detected by Western blot analysis, quantified by densitometry, and plotted against time to determine c-Myc stability. (D) CRC cells were transfected with pcDNA-c-Myc in combination with pcDNA-MEG3 in the presence of the HA-ubiquitin plasmid as indicated at the top. The cells were treated with MG132 (30 μM) for 6 h before harvesting, and the cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation using anti-HA antibody. Ubiquitinated proteins were detected by Western blot with the anti-Flag antibody. (E) CRC cell lines that strongly express MEG3 were treated with 5 μM of MG132 for 12 h, and c-Myc protein was detected by Western blot. (F) Expression of FBXW7 was detected by Western blot in CRC cells that strongly and weakly expressed MEG3. (G) Level of FBXW7 was measured by Western blot in the pcDNA-MEG3 cells with MEG3 knockdown. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

Application: WB    Species: Human    Sample: colorectal cancer (CRC) cell

Figure 4 Maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) promotes c-Myc protein degradation. Expression levels of c-Myc, HK2, PKM2, and LDHA were detected by Western blot (A) and qRT-PCR (B) analysis in MEG3 overexpression and knockdown colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. (C) MEG3 overexpression CRC cell lines were treated with 100 μg/ml of cycloheximide (CHX) and harvested at the indicated time points. c-Myc protein was detected by Western blot analysis, quantified by densitometry, and plotted against time to determine c-Myc stability. (D) CRC cells were transfected with pcDNA-c-Myc in combination with pcDNA-MEG3 in the presence of the HA-ubiquitin plasmid as indicated at the top. The cells were treated with MG132 (30 μM) for 6 h before harvesting, and the cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation using anti-HA antibody. Ubiquitinated proteins were detected by Western blot with the anti-Flag antibody. (E) CRC cell lines that strongly express MEG3 were treated with 5 μM of MG132 for 12 h, and c-Myc protein was detected by Western blot. (F) Expression of FBXW7 was detected by Western blot in CRC cells that strongly and weakly expressed MEG3. (G) Level of FBXW7 was measured by Western blot in the pcDNA-MEG3 cells with MEG3 knockdown. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
7). Shikonin improves pulmonary vascular remodeling in monocrotaline‑induced pulmonary arterial hypertension via regulation of PKM2. Molecular Medicine Reports, 2023 (PubMed: 36734266) [IF=3.4]
8). Inhibition of hypoxia‐induced HIF‐1α‐mediated autophagy enhances the in vitro anti‐tumor activity of rhein in pancreatic cancer cells. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 2022 (PubMed: 35853845) [IF=3.3]
9). Cadmium induces cell growth in A549 and HELF cells via autophagy-dependent glycolysis. TOXICOLOGY IN VITRO, 2020 (PubMed: 32200033) [IF=3.2]

Application: WB    Species: Human    Sample: A549 and HELF cells

Fig. 1. Cd induced time-dependent aerobic glycolysis in A549 and HELF cells. A549 cells and HELF cells were treated with 2 μM and 0.05 μM Cd respectively for 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. (A-B) The level of the consumption of glucose and the production of lactate was measured from the media of different groups. The fold change between Cd-treated groups and non-treated control groups is represented using the Bar Chart (*P < .05 vs. cultivated 48 h non-treated control). (C) The relative intracellular generation of ATP was measured (*P < .05 vs. Control). (D) Western blots of the relative aerobic glycolysis protein of GLUT1, HKII, PKM2 and LDHA in both cells exposed to Cd for 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. (E) Fold changes of them were normalized to the expression of β-actin. Each bar represents mean ± SD from three independent experiments (*P < .05 vs. Control).
10). Diallyl Disulfide Inhibits Breast Cancer Stem Cell Progression and Glucose Metabolism by Targeting CD44/PKM2/AMPK Signaling. CURRENT CANCER DRUG TARGETS, 2018 (PubMed: 29110616) [IF=3.0]
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