Product: DKK1 Antibody
Catalog: AF4600
Description: Rabbit polyclonal antibody to DKK1
Application: WB IHC
Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat
Prediction: Xenopus
Mol.Wt.: 28-40kDa; 29kD(Calculated).
Uniprot: O94907
RRID: AB_2844558

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Product Info

Source:
Rabbit
Application:
WB 1:500-1:2000, IHC 1:50-1:200
*The optimal dilutions should be determined by the end user.
*Tips:

WB: For western blot detection of denatured protein samples. IHC: For immunohistochemical detection of paraffin sections (IHC-p) or frozen sections (IHC-f) of tissue samples. IF/ICC: For immunofluorescence detection of cell samples. ELISA(peptide): For ELISA detection of antigenic peptide.

Reactivity:
Human,Mouse,Rat
Prediction:
Xenopus(0%)
Clonality:
Polyclonal
Specificity:
DKK1 Antibody detects endogenous levels of total DKK1.
RRID:
AB_2844558
Cite Format: Affinity Biosciences Cat# AF4600, RRID:AB_2844558.
Conjugate:
Unconjugated.
Purification:
The antiserum was purified by peptide affinity chromatography using SulfoLink™ Coupling Resin (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
Storage:
Rabbit IgG in phosphate buffered saline , pH 7.4, 150mM NaCl, 0.02% sodium azide and 50% glycerol. Store at -20 °C. Stable for 12 months from date of receipt.
Alias:

Fold/Unfold

Dickkopf 1; Dickkopf 1 homolog; Dickkopf 1 like; Dickkopf homolog 1; Dickkopf like protein 1; Dickkopf related protein 1; Dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1; Dickkopf-1; Dickkopf-related protein 1; DKK 1; Dkk-1; Dkk1; DKK1_HUMAN; hDkk 1; hDkk-1; SK;

Immunogens

Immunogen:
Uniprot:
Gene(ID):
Expression:
Sequence:
MMALGAAGATRVFVAMVAAALGGHPLLGVSATLNSVLNSNAIKNLPPPLGGAAGHPGSAVSAAPGILYPGGNKYQTIDNYQPYPCAEDEECGTDEYCASPTRGGDAGVQICLACRKRRKRCMRHAMCCPGNYCKNGICVSSDQNHFRGEIEETITESFGNDHSTLDGYSRRTTLSSKMYHTKGQEGSVCLRSSDCASGLCCARHFWSKICKPVLKEGQVCTKHRRKGSHGLEIFQRCYCGEGLSCRIQKDHHQASNSSRLHTCQRH

Predictions

Predictions:

Score>80(red) has high confidence and is suggested to be used for WB detection. *The prediction model is mainly based on the alignment of immunogen sequences, the results are for reference only, not as the basis of quality assurance.

Species
Results
Score
Bovine
78
Sheep
78
Pig
67
Horse
67
Rabbit
67
Dog
0
Xenopus
0
Zebrafish
0
Chicken
0
Model Confidence:
High(score>80) Medium(80>score>50) Low(score<50) No confidence

PTMs - O94907 As Substrate

Site PTM Type Enzyme
S61 O-Glycosylation
Y132 Phosphorylation
S140 Phosphorylation
S141 Phosphorylation
T155 O-Glycosylation
S163 O-Glycosylation
T164 O-Glycosylation
S169 O-Glycosylation
T172 O-Glycosylation
T173 O-Glycosylation
T181 O-Glycosylation
T221 Phosphorylation
S255 Phosphorylation
N256 N-Glycosylation
S257 Phosphorylation
S258 Phosphorylation
T262 Phosphorylation

Research Backgrounds

Function:

Antagonizes canonical Wnt signaling by inhibiting LRP5/6 interaction with Wnt and by forming a ternary complex with the transmembrane protein KREMEN that promotes internalization of LRP5/6. DKKs play an important role in vertebrate development, where they locally inhibit Wnt regulated processes such as antero-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis and eye formation. In the adult, Dkks are implicated in bone formation and bone disease, cancer and Alzheimer disease. Inhibits the pro-apoptotic function of KREMEN1 in a Wnt-independent manner, and has anti-apoptotic activity (By similarity).

Subcellular Location:

Secreted.

Extracellular region or secreted Cytosol Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Lysosome Endosome Peroxisome ER Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Manual annotation Automatic computational assertionSubcellular location
Tissue Specificity:

Placenta.

Subunit Structure:

Interacts with LRP6. Interacts (via the C-termianl Cys-rich domain) with LRP5 (via beta-propeller regions 3 and 4); the interaction, enhanced by MESD and or KREMEN, antagonizes Wnt-mediated signaling. Forms a ternary complex with LRP6 and KREM1. Interacts with KREM1.

Family&Domains:

The C-terminal cysteine-rich domain mediates interaction with LRP5 and LRP6.

Belongs to the dickkopf family.

Research Fields

· Environmental Information Processing > Signal transduction > Wnt signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

References

1). Apoptotic extracellular vesicles are metabolized regulators nurturing the skin and hair. Bioactive Materials, 2023 (PubMed: 35600968) [IF=18.9]

Application: WB    Species: Mouse    Sample: SMSCs

Fig. 6 ApoEV treatment improves skin and hair follicle MSC functions. (A) Immunofluorescent images show that GFP-ApoEV (green) were engulfed by skin MSCs (SMSCs) (1 and 2), as indicated by co-staining with CD105 at 7 days post-injection. The right panel exhibits the higher magnification of the boxed region to show colocalization of GFP-ApoEV and CD105 positive SMSCs. (B) Western blotting shows GFP signals was detected in SMSCs after GFP-ApoEV injection. (C) Immunofluorescent staining of SMSC smears shows skin cells endocytosed apoEVs. (D) Western blotting shows Wnt/β-catenin signaling is activated and DKK1 expression is decreased in SMSCs and hair follicle MSCs (HF-MSCs) from MRL/lpr mice after apoEVs injection. (E, F, I and J) EdU and population doubling assay show that MRL/lpr SMSCs and HF-MSCs had reduced proliferation and passage rates when compared to the wild-type control group. After apoEV treatment, proliferation and passage rates were improved in MRL/lpr SMSCs and HF-MSCs, respectively. n = 3–5. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA test. Data shown as mean ± SD. (G, K) Compared to wild-type SMSCs, MRL/lpr SMSCs showed reduced capacity to form mineralized nodules when cultured under osteogenic inductive conditions, assessed by alizarin red staining, and reduced expression of osteogenic markers Runx2 and ALP, assessed by Western blotting. After apoEV treatment, reduced mineralized nodule formation and expression of Runx2 and ALP were rescued in MRL/lpr SMSCs (G). The osteogenic capacity of MRL/lpr HF-MSCs was also rescued after apoEV treatment (K). n = 3. ***P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA test. Data shown as mean ± SD. (H, L) Compared to wild-type SMSCs, MRL/lpr SMSCs showed reduced capacity to differentiate into adipocytes when cultured under adipogenic inductive conditions, as assessed by Oil red O staining, along with reduced expression of adipogenic markers PPARγ and LPL, as assessed by Western blotting. After apoEV treatment, reduced adipocyte formation and expression of PPARγ and LPL were rescued in MRL/lpr SMSCs (H). The adipogenic capacity of MRL/lpr HF-MSCs was also rescued after apoEV treatment (L). n = 3. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA test. Data shown as mean ± SD. Scale bars (A, C), 50 μm.

Application: IF/ICC    Species: Mouse    Sample: SMSCs

Fig. 5 Mechanical forces regulate the elimination of apoEVs through the skin. (A) Schematic diagram of mechanical forces applied to mice. Treadmill running exercise as a force augmentation model; tail suspension as a weightless model. (B) Immunofluorescent images show that the number of GFP-ApoEV migrating to the stratum corneum was increased in running group and reduced in tail-suspension group at 3 days post-injection. White dotted line represents the dividing layer between stratum corneum and the other layers of epidermis. The quantity graph shows the relative intensity of apoEVs in the skin. n = 5. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA test. Data shown as mean ± SD. (C) Western blotting confirms the level of GFP in the skin tissue is increased in running group and reduced in tail suspension group. (D, E) PKH67-labeled apoEVs (4 × 106) were injected into C57BL/6 mice via the tail vein. After treadmill running exercise for 7 days, blood samples were collected. The flow cytometric calculation showed that the number of PKH67+/Annexin V+/CD62P− apoEVs accumulated in the blood was significantly reduced compared to the control group (D). After tail suspension for 3 days, flow cytometry analysis showed that the number of PKH67+/Annexin V+/CD62P− apoEVs in the blood was significantly increased compared to the control group (E). n = 3. *P < 0.05, Student's t-test. Data shown as mean ± SD. (F, G) DIR-labeled apoEVs (4 × 106) were injected into immunocompromised mice via the tail vein. Ex vivo fluorescent images showed that the elimination of apoEVs through the skin was increased after treadmill exercise while the migration of apoEVs through the skin was decreased after tail suspension compared to the control group, as indicated by quantitative graph. n = 3. *P < 0.05, Student's t-test. Data shown as mean ± SD. (H) ELISA analysis showed the level of DKK1 in the circulation of C57BL/6 mice was reduced after treadmill running, but enhanced after tail suspension. n = 3. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, Student's t-test. Data shown as mean ± SD. (I) Immunofluorescent images show the expression level of active-β-catenin (green) in skin was enhanced after treadmill running, but reduced after tail suspension. The DKK1 expression level in the skin showed opposite trends of active-β-catenin. SC, stratum corneum; BM, basement membrane; D, dermis. Scale bar (B), 50 μm; Scale bar (I), 40 μm.

2). DKK1 Positively Correlates with Lung Function in COPD Patients and Reduces Airway Inflammation. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 2022 (PubMed: 35027825) [IF=2.8]

Application: WB    Species: Human    Sample: lung tissue

Figure 3 DKK1 regulated LRP6 and airway inflammation, andrographolide elevated DKK1 and LRP6 and reduced airway inflammation. Notes: (A) Detection of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in the cell supernatant after treatment of cells with different concentrations of CSE. (B) Western blot and PCR showed changes of DKK1 and LRP6 after CSE treatment. (C) Cells were pre-transfected with DKK1 overexpression plasmid or Andrographolide, followed by treatment with CSE, Western blot was used to detect protein levels. (D) Changes in TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in cell supernatants in different treatment groups. Andro: Andrographolide. *p<0.05 with, **p<0.01, ****p<0.0001, respect to the blank group, #p< 0.05, ####p<0.0001, with respect to the CD513B-1+2% CSE group, Δp < 0.05 with respect to the 2% CSE group.

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Affinity Biosciences tests all products strictly. Citations are provided as a resource for additional applications that have not been validated by Affinity Biosciences. Please choose the appropriate format for each application and consult Materials and Methods sections for additional details about the use of any product in these publications.

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