Product: Rac1/cdc42 Antibody
Catalog: AF7828
Description: Rabbit polyclonal antibody to Rac1/cdc42
Application: WB
Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat
Prediction: Pig, Zebrafish, Bovine, Horse, Sheep, Rabbit, Dog, Chicken, Xenopus
Mol.Wt.: 28kDa, 17 kDa; 21kD(Calculated).
Uniprot: P63000 | P60953
RRID: AB_2844192

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Product Info

Source:
Rabbit
Application:
WB 1:500-1:2000
*The optimal dilutions should be determined by the end user.
*Tips:

WB: For western blot detection of denatured protein samples. IHC: For immunohistochemical detection of paraffin sections (IHC-p) or frozen sections (IHC-f) of tissue samples. IF/ICC: For immunofluorescence detection of cell samples. ELISA(peptide): For ELISA detection of antigenic peptide.

Reactivity:
Human,Mouse,Rat
Prediction:
Pig(100%), Zebrafish(100%), Bovine(100%), Horse(100%), Sheep(100%), Rabbit(100%), Dog(100%), Chicken(100%), Xenopus(100%)
Clonality:
Polyclonal
Specificity:
Rac1/cdc42 Antibody detects endogenous levels of total Rac1/cdc42.
RRID:
AB_2844192
Cite Format: Affinity Biosciences Cat# AF7828, RRID:AB_2844192.
Conjugate:
Unconjugated.
Purification:
The antiserum was purified by peptide affinity chromatography using SulfoLink™ Coupling Resin (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
Storage:
Rabbit IgG in phosphate buffered saline , pH 7.4, 150mM NaCl, 0.02% sodium azide and 50% glycerol. Store at -20 °C. Stable for 12 months from date of receipt.
Alias:

Fold/Unfold

CDC42; CDC42_HUMAN; CDC42Hs; Cell division control protein 42 homolog; Cell division cycle 42 (GTP binding protein 25kDa); Cell division cycle 42; dJ224A6.1.1 (cell division cycle 42 (GTP-binding protein, 25kD)); dJ224A6.1.2 (cell division cycle 42 (GTP-binding protein, 25kD)); G25K; G25K GTP-binding protein; Growth regulating protein; GTP binding protein 25kDa; Small GTP binding protein CDC42; TKS;

Immunogens

Immunogen:
Uniprot:
Gene(ID):
Expression:
P63000 RAC1_HUMAN:

Isoform B is predominantly identified in skin and epithelial tissues from the intestinal tract. Its expression is elevated in colorectal tumors at various stages of neoplastic progression, as compared to their respective adjacent tissues.

Sequence:
MQAIKCVVVGDGAVGKTCLLISYTTNAFPGEYIPTVFDNYSANVMVDGKPVNLGLWDTAGQEDYDRLRPLSYPQTDVFLICFSLVSPASFENVRAKWYPEVRHHCPNTPIILVGTKLDLRDDKDTIEKLKEKKLTPITYPQGLAMAKEIGAVKYLECSALTQRGLKTVFDEAIRAVLCPPPVKKRKRKCLLL

MQTIKCVVVGDGAVGKTCLLISYTTNKFPSEYVPTVFDNYAVTVMIGGEPYTLGLFDTAGQEDYDRLRPLSYPQTDVFLVCFSVVSPSSFENVKEKWVPEITHHCPKTPFLLVGTQIDLRDDPSTIEKLAKNKQKPITPETAEKLARDLKAVKYVECSALTQKGLKNVFDEAILAALEPPEPKKSRRCVLL

Predictions

Predictions:

Score>80(red) has high confidence and is suggested to be used for WB detection. *The prediction model is mainly based on the alignment of immunogen sequences, the results are for reference only, not as the basis of quality assurance.

Species
Results
Score
Pig
100
Horse
100
Bovine
100
Sheep
100
Dog
100
Xenopus
100
Zebrafish
100
Chicken
100
Rabbit
100
Model Confidence:
High(score>80) Medium(80>score>50) Low(score<50) No confidence

PTMs - P63000/P60953 As Substrate

Site PTM Type Enzyme
K5 Ubiquitination
Y32 Phosphorylation
Y64 Phosphorylation P12931 (SRC) , Q05397 (PTK2)
S71 Phosphorylation P31749 (AKT1)
S89 Phosphorylation
K96 Ubiquitination
R102 Methylation
C105 S-Nitrosylation
T108 Phosphorylation P27361 (MAPK3)
K116 Ubiquitination
K123 Acetylation
K123 Methylation
K123 Ubiquitination
K128 Ubiquitination
K130 Methylation
K133 Ubiquitination
K147 Ubiquitination
K153 Ubiquitination
C157 S-Nitrosylation
T161 Phosphorylation
R163 Methylation
K166 Ubiquitination
T167 Phosphorylation
C178 S-Nitrosylation
K183 Ubiquitination
K184 Ubiquitination
Site PTM Type Enzyme
K5 Ubiquitination
S30 Phosphorylation
Y32 Phosphorylation
Y64 Phosphorylation P12931 (SRC)
S71 Phosphorylation
K96 Ubiquitination
K107 Ubiquitination
K128 Ubiquitination
K133 Ubiquitination
K135 Ubiquitination
T141 Phosphorylation
K144 Acetylation
K144 Ubiquitination
K153 Acetylation
K153 Ubiquitination
T161 Phosphorylation
K163 Ubiquitination
K166 Ubiquitination
K183 Ubiquitination
K184 Ubiquitination

Research Backgrounds

Function:

Plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses such as secretory processes, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, epithelial cell polarization, neurons adhesion, migration and differentiation, and growth-factor induced formation of membrane ruffles. Rac1 p21/rho GDI heterodimer is the active component of the cytosolic factor sigma 1, which is involved in stimulation of the NADPH oxidase activity in macrophages. Essential for the SPATA13-mediated regulation of cell migration and adhesion assembly and disassembly. Stimulates PKN2 kinase activity. In concert with RAB7A, plays a role in regulating the formation of RBs (ruffled borders) in osteoclasts. In podocytes, promotes nuclear shuttling of NR3C2; this modulation is required for a proper kidney functioning. Required for atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2-induced LIMK1-PAK1-dependent phosphorylation of cofilin (CFL1) and for up-regulation of ACKR2 from endosomal compartment to cell membrane, increasing its efficiency in chemokine uptake and degradation. In neurons, is involved in dendritic spine formation and synaptic plasticity (By similarity). In synapses, seems to mediate the regulation of F-actin cluster formation performed by SHANK3.

Isoform B has an accelerated GEF-independent GDP/GTP exchange and an impaired GTP hydrolysis, which is restored partially by GTPase-activating proteins. It is able to bind to the GTPase-binding domain of PAK but not full-length PAK in a GTP-dependent manner, suggesting that the insertion does not completely abolish effector interaction.

PTMs:

(Microbial infection) AMPylation at Tyr-32 and Thr-35 are mediated by bacterial enzymes in case of infection by H.somnus and V.parahaemolyticus, respectively. AMPylation occurs in the effector region and leads to inactivation of the GTPase activity by preventing the interaction with downstream effectors, thereby inhibiting actin assembly in infected cells. It is unclear whether some human enzyme mediates AMPylation; FICD has such ability in vitro but additional experiments remain to be done to confirm results in vivo.

GTP-bound active form is ubiquitinated by HACE1, leading to its degradation by the proteasome.

(Microbial infection) Glycosylated at Tyr-32 by Photorhabdus asymbiotica toxin PAU_02230. Mono-O-GlcNAcylation by PAU_02230 inhibits downstream signaling by an impaired interaction with diverse regulator and effector proteins of Rac and leads to actin disassembly.

Subcellular Location:

Cell membrane>Lipid-anchor>Cytoplasmic side. Melanosome. Cytoplasm. Cell projection>Lamellipodium.
Note: Inner surface of plasma membrane possibly with attachment requiring prenylation of the C-terminal cysteine (PubMed:1903399). Identified by mass spectrometry in melanosome fractions from stage I to stage IV (PubMed:17081065). Found in the ruffled border (a late endosomal-like compartment in the plasma membrane) of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Localizes to the lamellipodium in a SH3RF1-dependent manner (By similarity). In macrophages, cytoplasmic location increases upon CSF1 stimulation (By similarity).

Extracellular region or secreted Cytosol Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Lysosome Endosome Peroxisome ER Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Manual annotation Automatic computational assertionSubcellular location
Tissue Specificity:

Isoform B is predominantly identified in skin and epithelial tissues from the intestinal tract. Its expression is elevated in colorectal tumors at various stages of neoplastic progression, as compared to their respective adjacent tissues.

Subunit Structure:

Interacts with NISCH. Interacts with PIP5K1A. Interacts with the GTP-bound form of RAB7A. Interacts with SRGAP2. Interacts with CYFIP1/SRA-1. Interacts with PLXNB3. Interacts with ARHGDIA; the interaction is induced by SEMA5A, mediated through PLXNB3 and inactivates and stabilizes RAC1. Interacts (GTP-bound form preferentially) with PKN2 (via the REM repeats); the interaction stimulates autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of PKN2. Interacts with the GEF proteins PREX1, RASGRF2, FARP1, FARP2, DOCK1, DOCK2 and DOCK7, which promote the exchange between GDP and GTP, and therefore activate it. Interacts with PARD6A, PARD6B and PARD6G in a GTP-dependent manner. Part of a quaternary complex containing PARD3, some PARD6 protein (PARD6A, PARD6B or PARD6G) and some atypical PKC protein (PRKCI or PRKCZ), which plays a central role in epithelial cell polarization. Found in a trimeric complex composed of DOCK1 and ELMO1, which plays a central role in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Interacts with RALBP1 via its effector domain. Interacts with PLXNB1. Probably found in a ternary complex composed of DSCAM, PAK1 and RAC1. Interacts with DSCAM; the interaction requires PAK1. Part of a complex with MAP2K3, MAP3K3, CCM2 and DEF6. Interacts with BAIAP2, BAIAP2L1 and DEF6. Interacts with Y.pseudotuberculosis YPKA and PLCB2. Interacts with NOXA1. Interacts with ARHGEF2. Interacts with TBC1D2. Interacts with UNKL. Interacts with USP6. Interacts with SPATA13. Interacts with ARHGEF16; mediates activation of RAC1 by EPHA2. Interacts with ITGB4. Interacts with S100A8 and calprotectin (S100A8/9). Interacts with PACSIN2. Interacts with ITGB1BP1. Interacts (when active) with PPP5C (via TPR repeats); activates PPP5C phosphatase activity and translocates PPP5C to the cell membrane. Interacts with RAPH1 (via Ras associating and PH domains). Interacts with MTSS2 (via IMD domain); this interaction may be important to potentiate PDGF-induced RAC1 activation. Interacts with PAK2. Interacts (GTP-bound form) with SH3RF1 and SH3RF3. Found in a complex with SH3RF1, MAPK8IP1/JIP1, MAP3K11/MLK3, MAP2K7/MKK7 and MAPK8/JNK1. Interacts (both active GTP- or inactive GDP-bound forms) with SH3RF2 (By similarity).

Family&Domains:

The effector region mediates interaction with DEF6.

Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rho family.

Function:

Plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state. In active state binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses. Involved in epithelial cell polarization processes. Regulates the bipolar attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochores before chromosome congression in metaphase. Regulates cell migration. In neurons, plays a role in the extension and maintenance of the formation of filopodia, thin and actin-rich surface projections. Required for DOCK10-mediated spine formation in Purkinje cells and hippocampal neurons. Facilitates filopodia formation upon DOCK11-activation (By similarity). Upon activation by CaMKII, modulates dendritic spine structural plasticity by relaying CaMKII transient activation to synapse-specific, long-term signaling (By similarity). Also plays a role in phagocytosis through organization of the F-actin cytoskeleton associated with forming phagocytic cups.

PTMs:

(Microbial infection) AMPylation at Tyr-32 and Thr-35 are mediated by bacterial enzymes in case of infection by H.somnus and V.parahaemolyticus, respectively. AMPylation occurs in the effector region and leads to inactivation of the GTPase activity by preventing the interaction with downstream effectors, thereby inhibiting actin assembly in infected cells. It is unclear whether some human enzyme mediates AMPylation; FICD has such ability in vitro but additional experiments remain to be done to confirm results in vivo.

Phosphorylated by SRC in an EGF-dependent manner, this stimulates the binding of the Rho-GDP dissociation inhibitor RhoGDI.

(Microbial infection) Glycosylated at Tyr-32 by Photorhabdus asymbiotica toxin PAU_02230. Mono-O-GlcNAcylation by PAU_02230 inhibits downstream signaling by an impaired interaction with diverse regulator and effector proteins of CDC42 and leads to actin disassembly.

Subcellular Location:

Cell membrane>Lipid-anchor>Cytoplasmic side. Cytoplasm>Cytoskeleton>Microtubule organizing center>Centrosome. Cytoplasm>Cytoskeleton>Spindle. Midbody. Cell projection>Dendrite.
Note: Localizes to spindle during prometaphase cells. Moves to the central spindle as cells progressed through anaphase to telophase (PubMed:15642749). Localizes at the end of cytokinesis in the intercellular bridge formed between two daughter cells (PubMed:15642749). Its localization is regulated by the activities of guanine nucleotide exchange factor ECT2 and GTPase activating protein RACGAP1 (PubMed:15642749). Colocalizes with NEK6 in the centrosome (PubMed:20873783). In its active GTP-bound form localizes to the leading edge membrane of migrating dendritic cells (By similarity).

Extracellular region or secreted Cytosol Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Lysosome Endosome Peroxisome ER Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Manual annotation Automatic computational assertionSubcellular location
Subunit Structure:

Interacts with CDC42EP1, CDC42EP2, CDC42EP3, CDC42EP4, CDC42EP5, CDC42SE1, CDC42SE2, PARD6A, PARD6B and PARD6G (in a GTP-dependent manner). Interacts with activated CSPG4 and with BAIAP2. Interacts with activated CSPG4 and with BAIAP2 (By similarity). Interacts with DOCK11/Zizimin2; the interaction activates CDC42 by exchanging GDP for GTP (By similarity). Interacts with DOCK9; the interaction activates CDC42 by exchanging GDP for GTP. Interacts with DOCK8 (via DHR-2 domain); the interaction activates CDC42 by exchanging GDP for GTP. Interacts with IQGAP1 (By similarity). Interacts with NET1 and ARHGAP33/TCGAP (By similarity). Part of a complex with PARD3, PARD6A or PARD6B and PRKCI or PRKCZ. The GTP-bound form interacts with CCPG1 (By similarity). Interacts with USP6. Interacts with NEK6. Part of a collagen stimulated complex involved in cell migration composed of CDC42, CRK, TNK2 and BCAR1/p130cas. Interacts with ITGB1BP1. Interacts with ARHGDIA; this interaction inactivates and stabilizes CDC42. Interacts with ARHGDIB; this maintains CDC42 in the inactive, GDP-bound form. Interacts (in GTP-bound form) with FNBP1L and ABI1, but only in the presence of FNBP1L. May interact with ARHGEF16; responsible for the activation of CDC42 by the viral protein HPV16 E6.

Family&Domains:

Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rho family. CDC42 subfamily.

Research Fields

· Cellular Processes > Transport and catabolism > Endocytosis.   (View pathway)

· Cellular Processes > Transport and catabolism > Phagosome.   (View pathway)

· Cellular Processes > Cellular community - eukaryotes > Focal adhesion.   (View pathway)

· Cellular Processes > Cellular community - eukaryotes > Adherens junction.   (View pathway)

· Cellular Processes > Cellular community - eukaryotes > Tight junction.   (View pathway)

· Cellular Processes > Cell motility > Regulation of actin cytoskeleton.   (View pathway)

· Environmental Information Processing > Signal transduction > MAPK signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Environmental Information Processing > Signal transduction > Ras signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Environmental Information Processing > Signal transduction > Rap1 signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Environmental Information Processing > Signal transduction > cAMP signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Environmental Information Processing > Signal transduction > Sphingolipid signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Environmental Information Processing > Signal transduction > PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Environmental Information Processing > Signal transduction > Wnt signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Human Diseases > Endocrine and metabolic diseases > Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

· Human Diseases > Neurodegenerative diseases > Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Bacterial > Bacterial invasion of epithelial cells.

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Bacterial > Epithelial cell signaling in Helicobacter pylori infection.

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Bacterial > Pathogenic Escherichia coli infection.

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Bacterial > Shigellosis.

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Bacterial > Salmonella infection.

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Viral > Human papillomavirus infection.

· Human Diseases > Cancers: Overview > Pathways in cancer.   (View pathway)

· Human Diseases > Cancers: Overview > Viral carcinogenesis.

· Human Diseases > Cancers: Overview > Proteoglycans in cancer.

· Human Diseases > Cancers: Specific types > Colorectal cancer.   (View pathway)

· Human Diseases > Cancers: Specific types > Renal cell carcinoma.   (View pathway)

· Human Diseases > Cancers: Specific types > Pancreatic cancer.   (View pathway)

· Human Diseases > Cancers: Overview > Choline metabolism in cancer.   (View pathway)

· Human Diseases > Cardiovascular diseases > Viral myocarditis.

· Organismal Systems > Immune system > Chemokine signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Development > Axon guidance.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Development > Osteoclast differentiation.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Immune system > Toll-like receptor signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Immune system > Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Immune system > T cell receptor signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Immune system > B cell receptor signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Immune system > Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Immune system > Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Immune system > Leukocyte transendothelial migration.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Nervous system > Neurotrophin signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Digestive system > Pancreatic secretion.

References

1). Combination of dihydroartemisinin and resveratrol effectively inhibit cancer cell migration via regulation of DLC1/TCTP/Cdc42 pathway. Food & Function, 2020 (PubMed: 33150340) [IF=6.1]

Application: WB    Species: Human    Sample: HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 cells

Fig 3 Effects of DHA and RES alone or in combination on DLC1, TCTP and Cdc42 expression. HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with DHA (25 M), RES (50 M) and DHA + RES (25 + 50 M) for 24 h. DLC1, TCTP and Cdc42 levels were detected by western blotting. Bar graphs showed their relative levels to GAPDH.

2). IQGAP3 promotes cancer proliferation and metastasis in high‑grade serous ovarian cancer. Oncology Letters, 2020 (PubMed: 32724358) [IF=2.9]

Application: WB    Species: Human    Sample: A2780 and HEY cells

Figure 4. Western blot analysis revealed the changes in protein expression of several proteins following IQGAP3 knockdown using two siRNAs. Both A2780 and HEY cells had an altered protein expression following the knockdown. The alteration in the protein expression included EMT-related proteins (E-CAD, N-CAD, ZEB-1, Vimentin and Snail), apoptosis-related proteins (Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bcl2 and Bax), proteins associated with DNA damage and chemoresistance (Rad51, p-ATM, ATM, CHK2 and Pgp), and proteins involved in the regulation and mechanism of the effect of IQGAP3 (CDC42, PI3K, p-AKT, AKT, p-mTOR and mTOR). β-actin was used as the internal control. IQGAP3, IQ motif containing GTPase Activating Protein 3; EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; p-, phosphorylated; E-CAD, E-cadherin; N-CAD, N-cadherin; Pgp, phosphoglycolate phosphatase; Rad51, RAD51 recombinase; CHK2, checkpoint kinase 2; NC, negative control; si, small interfering RNA; ZEB-1, zinc finger E-Box binding homeobox 1.

3). miR-29a regulated ER-positive breast cancer cell growth and invasion and is involved in the insulin signaling pathway. Oncotarget, 2017 (PubMed: 28427228)

Application: WB    Species: human    Sample: MCF-7

Figure 5: Effect of miR-29a on the insulin signaling pathways. (A) IGF-1R, CDC42, p85α, p-ERK and ERK mRNA levels were determined by qPCR in ER-positive cells transfected with a miR-29a mimic or miR-29a inhibitor. (B, C) Western blotting analysis was performed to monitor IGF-1R, CDC42, p85α, p-ERK and ERK expression in ER-positive cells transfected with a miR-29a mimic or miR-29a inhibitor. The results showed that ERK, CDC42 and p85α are the target genes of miR-29a; however, miR-29a promotes breast cancer cell growth and proliferation mainly by activating ERK phosphorylation.

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